energy
33 results carry this thread across the degree.
The ideal gas law
PV = nRT, assembled from the empirical gas laws.
Kinetic theory of gases
Pressure as the rate of molecular momentum transfer to the walls.
The distribution of molecular speeds
Temperature sets the spread of molecular speeds.
The van der Waals equation
Real gases corrected for molecular size and attraction.
Graham's law of effusion
Effusion rate varies inversely with the square root of molar mass.
Hess's law
Enthalpy is a state function, so reaction paths are interchangeable.
Standard enthalpies of formation
Reaction enthalpy from tabulated formation values.
Bond enthalpies
Estimating reaction enthalpy from bonds broken and formed.
Calorimetry
Measuring heat at constant pressure and at constant volume.
The first law for chemical systems
Internal energy change as heat plus work.
Entropy and the second law
Spontaneity as the increase of total entropy.
Gibbs free energy
G = H - TS decides spontaneity at constant T and P.
Free energy and the equilibrium constant
The relation dG-standard = -RT ln K.
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation
How vapour pressure varies with temperature.
The thermodynamics of mixing
Entropy drives spontaneous mixing of ideal solutions.
Galvanic cells and standard EMF
Cell potential assembled from half-reactions.
The Nernst equation
How cell potential depends on concentration.
Faraday's laws of electrolysis
Charge passed and moles of product deposited.
Free energy and cell potential
The relation dG = -nFE.
The electrochemical series
Ranking oxidising and reducing strength.
The molecular partition function
The bridge from energy levels to thermodynamics.
The Boltzmann distribution of populations
How molecules populate available energy levels.
The equipartition theorem
An average of (1/2)kT per quadratic degree of freedom.
The statistical definition of entropy
Boltzmann's S = k ln W.
Heat capacity from energy levels
The Einstein and Debye models of solids.
The Debye-Huckel theory
Activity coefficients in dilute electrolyte solutions.
The electrical double layer
Structure of the electrode-solution interface.
The Butler-Volmer equation
Electrode current as a function of overpotential.
Conductivity of electrolytes
Kohlrausch's law of independent ionic migration.
Catalysis and activation energy
Lowering the barrier without being consumed.
The Langmuir adsorption isotherm
Surface coverage as a function of pressure.
Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis
How enzymes achieve enormous rate enhancements.
Heterogeneous catalysis
Adsorption, surface reaction and desorption.