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CU-101 · Atomic Structure & Periodicity 6

T-001	The Bohr model of hydrogen Quantised electron orbits give energy levels E_n = -13.6/n^2 eV.
T-002	The Rydberg formula Every hydrogen spectral line from a single expression in 1/n^2.
T-003	Quantum numbers and atomic orbitals Four quantum numbers label every electron in an atom.
T-004	The building-up principle Aufbau order, Hund's rule and the Pauli principle fix ground-state configurations.
T-005	Periodic trends Effective nuclear charge explains atomic size and ionisation energy across the table.
T-006	Ionisation and the photoelectric effect Electrons are ejected only above a threshold photon energy.

CU-102 · Chemical Bonding 6

T-007	Ionic bonding and the Born-Haber cycle Lattice energy extracted from a thermodynamic cycle.
T-008	Lewis structures and the octet rule Shared and lone pairs from electron bookkeeping.
T-009	VSEPR and molecular shape Electron-pair repulsion predicts molecular geometry.
T-010	Orbital hybridisation sp, sp2 and sp3 mixing rationalises bond angles.
T-011	Molecular orbital theory Bonding and antibonding combinations give bond order and magnetism.
T-012	Electronegativity and bond polarity Unequal sharing produces dipole moments.

CU-103 · Stoichiometry & the Mole 5

T-013	The mole and Avogadro's constant Linking the mass of a sample to the number of particles.
T-014	Empirical and molecular formulae From composition by mass to a chemical formula.
T-015	The limiting reagent Which reactant caps the theoretical yield.
T-016	Gas stoichiometry Equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules.
T-017	Concentration and dilution Molarity and the c1V1 = c2V2 relation.

CU-104 · States of Matter & Gases 5

T-018	The ideal gas law PV = nRT, assembled from the empirical gas laws.
T-019	Kinetic theory of gases Pressure as the rate of molecular momentum transfer to the walls.
T-020	The distribution of molecular speeds Temperature sets the spread of molecular speeds.
T-021	The van der Waals equation Real gases corrected for molecular size and attraction.
T-022	Graham's law of effusion Effusion rate varies inversely with the square root of molar mass.

CU-105 · Introduction to Organic Chemistry 5

T-023	Functional groups and nomenclature The reactive handles that organise organic chemistry.
T-024	Structural and stereoisomerism One formula, many distinct molecules.
T-025	Chirality and optical activity Molecular handedness and its measurable signature.
T-026	Conformational analysis The energy landscape of rotation about single bonds.
T-027	Degree of unsaturation Counting rings and multiple bonds from a molecular formula.

CU-106 · Chemical Energetics 4

T-028	Hess's law Enthalpy is a state function, so reaction paths are interchangeable.
T-029	Standard enthalpies of formation Reaction enthalpy from tabulated formation values.
T-030	Bond enthalpies Estimating reaction enthalpy from bonds broken and formed.
T-031	Calorimetry Measuring heat at constant pressure and at constant volume.

CU-201 · Chemical Thermodynamics 6

T-032	The first law for chemical systems Internal energy change as heat plus work.
T-033	Entropy and the second law Spontaneity as the increase of total entropy.
T-034	Gibbs free energy G = H - TS decides spontaneity at constant T and P.
T-035	Free energy and the equilibrium constant The relation dG-standard = -RT ln K.
T-036	The Clausius-Clapeyron equation How vapour pressure varies with temperature.
T-037	The thermodynamics of mixing Entropy drives spontaneous mixing of ideal solutions.

CU-202 · Chemical Kinetics 6

T-038	Rate laws and reaction order How concentration controls the rate of reaction.
T-039	Integrated rate laws Concentration-time behaviour for zero, first and second order.
T-040	The Arrhenius equation Temperature dependence of rate and the activation energy.
T-041	Collision theory Rate from collision frequency, energy and orientation.
T-042	Transition state theory Rate from the activated complex at the barrier top.
T-043	The steady-state approximation Deriving observed rate laws from a mechanism.

CU-203 · Chemical Equilibrium 5

T-044	The law of mass action The equilibrium constant expression from forward and reverse rates.
T-045	Le Chatelier's principle How an equilibrium responds to a disturbance.
T-046	The reaction quotient Predicting the direction of net change.
T-047	Relating Kp and Kc Gas-phase equilibrium constants and the gas law.
T-048	The solubility product Equilibria of sparingly soluble ionic solids.

CU-204 · Acids, Bases & Buffers 5

T-049	The Bronsted-Lowry theory Acids and bases as proton donors and acceptors.
T-050	Autoionisation of water and pH Kw and the definition of the pH scale.
T-051	The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation Buffer pH from the acid-to-base ratio.
T-052	Titration curves Equivalence points and the choice of indicator.
T-053	Polyprotic acids Stepwise dissociation and successive constants.

CU-205 · Electrochemistry 5

T-054	Galvanic cells and standard EMF Cell potential assembled from half-reactions.
T-055	The Nernst equation How cell potential depends on concentration.
T-056	Faraday's laws of electrolysis Charge passed and moles of product deposited.
T-057	Free energy and cell potential The relation dG = -nFE.
T-058	The electrochemical series Ranking oxidising and reducing strength.

CU-206 · Organic Reaction Mechanisms 6

T-059	SN1 and SN2 substitution Two contrasting routes for nucleophilic substitution.
T-060	E1 and E2 elimination Forming alkenes by loss of a leaving group.
T-061	Electrophilic addition and Markovnikov's rule Regiochemistry of addition to alkenes.
T-062	Electrophilic aromatic substitution Directing and activating effects on the benzene ring.
T-063	Nucleophilic addition to carbonyls The reactivity of the carbon-oxygen double bond.
T-064	Reaction energy profiles Intermediates, transition states and the rate-determining step.

CU-207 · Coordination Chemistry 5

T-065	Crystal field theory d-orbital splitting in an octahedral ligand field.
T-066	Colour and the spectrochemical series Why coordination complexes are coloured.
T-067	The chelate effect Entropy stabilises multidentate complexes.
T-068	Isomerism in complexes Geometric and optical isomers of coordination compounds.
T-069	Coordination number and geometry Predicting the shapes of metal complexes.

CU-301 · Quantum Chemistry 6

T-070	The particle in a box Quantised energies as a consequence of confinement.
T-071	The hydrogen atom Atomic orbitals as exact solutions of the Schrodinger equation.
T-072	The variational principle An upper bound on the ground-state energy.
T-073	Huckel theory pi-electron energies of conjugated molecules.
T-074	The Born-Oppenheimer approximation Separating slow nuclei from fast electrons.
T-075	LCAO molecular orbitals Building molecular orbitals from atomic ones.

CU-302 · Spectroscopy 6

T-076	The Beer-Lambert law Absorbance proportional to concentration and path length.
T-077	Rotational spectroscopy Bond lengths from the rigid-rotor microwave spectrum.
T-078	Vibrational (IR) spectroscopy The harmonic oscillator and vibrational selection rules.
T-079	NMR and the chemical shift Reporting the nuclear environment through resonance.
T-080	UV-visible spectroscopy Electronic transitions and chromophores.
T-081	Mass spectrometry Molecular mass and structure from fragmentation.

CU-303 · Statistical Thermodynamics 5

T-082	The molecular partition function The bridge from energy levels to thermodynamics.
T-083	The Boltzmann distribution of populations How molecules populate available energy levels.
T-084	The equipartition theorem An average of (1/2)kT per quadratic degree of freedom.
T-085	The statistical definition of entropy Boltzmann's S = k ln W.
T-086	Heat capacity from energy levels The Einstein and Debye models of solids.

CU-304 · Solid State & Materials Chemistry 5

T-087	Crystal lattices and the unit cell Describing periodic solids from a repeating motif.
T-088	Bragg's law Diffraction reveals the spacing of crystal planes.
T-089	Close packing and packing efficiency How hard spheres fill space.
T-090	Band theory of solids Conductors, insulators and semiconductors from overlapping orbitals.
T-091	The Born-Lande equation Lattice energy from electrostatics and repulsion.

CU-305 · Advanced Organic Synthesis 5

T-092	Retrosynthetic analysis Planning a synthesis by working backwards from the target.
T-093	The Diels-Alder reaction A concerted, stereospecific cycloaddition.
T-094	Protecting group strategy Masking reactivity to control a synthesis.
T-095	Stereoselective synthesis Controlling which stereoisomer is formed.
T-096	Transition-metal cross-coupling Forming carbon-carbon bonds catalytically.

CU-306 · Main Group & Inorganic Chemistry 5

T-097	Periodic trends across the p-block Down-group and across-period patterns of behaviour.
T-098	Hard and soft acids and bases Predicting the stability of adducts and complexes.
T-099	Frost diagrams Oxidation-state stability seen at a glance.
T-100	Structures of main-group compounds Applying VSEPR across the elements.
T-101	Trends in oxide acidity From basic to acidic across a period.

CU-307 · Electrochemistry & Interfaces 4

T-102	The Debye-Huckel theory Activity coefficients in dilute electrolyte solutions.
T-103	The electrical double layer Structure of the electrode-solution interface.
T-104	The Butler-Volmer equation Electrode current as a function of overpotential.
T-105	Conductivity of electrolytes Kohlrausch's law of independent ionic migration.

CU-308 · Analytical Chemistry 4

T-106	Gravimetric analysis Quantifying an analyte by the mass of a precipitate.
T-107	Chromatographic separation Separation by differential partition between phases.
T-108	Uncertainty propagation Combining measurement errors through a calculation.
T-109	Calibration and standard addition Quantifying a signal against known standards.

CU-401 · Computational & Theoretical Chemistry 4

T-110	The Hartree-Fock method A self-consistent mean-field for many electrons.
T-111	Density functional theory Energy as a functional of the electron density.
T-112	Basis sets Representing orbitals for practical computation.
T-113	Potential energy surfaces Geometries, transition states and reaction paths.

CU-402 · Chemical Biology & Biochemistry 5

T-114	Michaelis-Menten kinetics Enzyme rate as a function of substrate concentration.
T-115	Enzyme inhibition Competitive and non-competitive kinetic signatures.
T-116	Protein folding thermodynamics The free-energy balance of the native state.
T-117	DNA base pairing Hydrogen bonding and the double helix.
T-118	ATP and free-energy coupling Driving unfavourable reactions with a favourable one.

CU-403 · Catalysis & Reaction Dynamics 4

T-119	Catalysis and activation energy Lowering the barrier without being consumed.
T-120	The Langmuir adsorption isotherm Surface coverage as a function of pressure.
T-121	Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis How enzymes achieve enormous rate enhancements.
T-122	Heterogeneous catalysis Adsorption, surface reaction and desorption.

CU-404 · Polymer & Soft Matter Chemistry 4

T-123	Degree of polymerisation Chain length and the molar-mass distribution.
T-124	Step- and chain-growth polymerisation Two mechanisms for building macromolecules.
T-125	The glass transition The freezing of an amorphous polymer.
T-126	Flory-Huggins theory The thermodynamics of polymer solutions.