equilibrium
29 results carry this thread across the degree.
The first law for chemical systems
Internal energy change as heat plus work.
Entropy and the second law
Spontaneity as the increase of total entropy.
Gibbs free energy
G = H - TS decides spontaneity at constant T and P.
Free energy and the equilibrium constant
The relation dG-standard = -RT ln K.
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation
How vapour pressure varies with temperature.
The thermodynamics of mixing
Entropy drives spontaneous mixing of ideal solutions.
The law of mass action
The equilibrium constant expression from forward and reverse rates.
Le Chatelier's principle
How an equilibrium responds to a disturbance.
The reaction quotient
Predicting the direction of net change.
Relating Kp and Kc
Gas-phase equilibrium constants and the gas law.
The solubility product
Equilibria of sparingly soluble ionic solids.
The Bronsted-Lowry theory
Acids and bases as proton donors and acceptors.
Autoionisation of water and pH
Kw and the definition of the pH scale.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Buffer pH from the acid-to-base ratio.
Titration curves
Equivalence points and the choice of indicator.
Polyprotic acids
Stepwise dissociation and successive constants.
Galvanic cells and standard EMF
Cell potential assembled from half-reactions.
The Nernst equation
How cell potential depends on concentration.
Faraday's laws of electrolysis
Charge passed and moles of product deposited.
Free energy and cell potential
The relation dG = -nFE.
The electrochemical series
Ranking oxidising and reducing strength.
The Debye-Huckel theory
Activity coefficients in dilute electrolyte solutions.
The electrical double layer
Structure of the electrode-solution interface.
The Butler-Volmer equation
Electrode current as a function of overpotential.
Conductivity of electrolytes
Kohlrausch's law of independent ionic migration.
Gravimetric analysis
Quantifying an analyte by the mass of a precipitate.
Chromatographic separation
Separation by differential partition between phases.
Uncertainty propagation
Combining measurement errors through a calculation.
Calibration and standard addition
Quantifying a signal against known standards.