kinetics
26 results carry this thread across the degree.
Rate laws and reaction order
How concentration controls the rate of reaction.
Integrated rate laws
Concentration-time behaviour for zero, first and second order.
The Arrhenius equation
Temperature dependence of rate and the activation energy.
Collision theory
Rate from collision frequency, energy and orientation.
Transition state theory
Rate from the activated complex at the barrier top.
The steady-state approximation
Deriving observed rate laws from a mechanism.
SN1 and SN2 substitution
Two contrasting routes for nucleophilic substitution.
E1 and E2 elimination
Forming alkenes by loss of a leaving group.
Electrophilic addition and Markovnikov's rule
Regiochemistry of addition to alkenes.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
Directing and activating effects on the benzene ring.
Nucleophilic addition to carbonyls
The reactivity of the carbon-oxygen double bond.
Reaction energy profiles
Intermediates, transition states and the rate-determining step.
Retrosynthetic analysis
Planning a synthesis by working backwards from the target.
The Diels-Alder reaction
A concerted, stereospecific cycloaddition.
Protecting group strategy
Masking reactivity to control a synthesis.
Stereoselective synthesis
Controlling which stereoisomer is formed.
Transition-metal cross-coupling
Forming carbon-carbon bonds catalytically.
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
Enzyme rate as a function of substrate concentration.
Enzyme inhibition
Competitive and non-competitive kinetic signatures.
Protein folding thermodynamics
The free-energy balance of the native state.
DNA base pairing
Hydrogen bonding and the double helix.
ATP and free-energy coupling
Driving unfavourable reactions with a favourable one.
Catalysis and activation energy
Lowering the barrier without being consumed.
The Langmuir adsorption isotherm
Surface coverage as a function of pressure.
Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis
How enzymes achieve enormous rate enhancements.
Heterogeneous catalysis
Adsorption, surface reaction and desorption.